The more perfectly your needs are met in a house, the more exclusive the solution becomes. Family structures change over time, as do owners of houses.
Is it wise to create a living environment so family-specific that it is inflexible to change? In the late 19th century, author Eugene C. Gardner proposed that houses be personalized to a degree that would have scandalized 18th century America. Early republicans would have found Victorian individualism to be shameless self-aggrandizing.
y Americans have little concern for the moral and democratic ideals of the Greek Revival or Federal Periods, we do seem to be caught in a conflict between the values of con-sumerist self-expression and concerns for resale.
n and concerns for resale. But concern for change and resale value can inhibit design invention unnecessarily.
Planning for Change
From Idea to Design
San Francisco House
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Cited in Building the Dream by Gwendolyn Wright. See Bibliography, History of Architecture.e.
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footnote
Architect Lisa Heschong suggests that there are two basic types of houses generated by a purely environmental concern for heating or cooling: the hearth and the garden types. The hearth form is a heating strategy, while the garden form is a cooling strategy.
Different cultures have produced a great variety of local subtypes of the hearth and garden. These diagrams show Heschong's types without any cultural embellishment, while the following examples by contemporary architects are culturally interpreted.
e, cultural conditions change as new groups of immigrants move in or the nature of times and the place itself affects how people live. History, as Norberg-Schultz points out, literally "takes place." Environmental conditions change because of the impact of people upon the place -- witness the total ecological transformation of Manhattan Island over the last 250 years.
Even if the conditions leading to types of houses change, knowledge of those types can guide us in solving current problems. A regional approach to building is always an environmental approach..
Hearth type house
Garden type house
The Value of Typesn
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From Idea to DesignnThe Designer Within
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See Thermal Delight in Architecture by Heschong. See Bibliography, General Architecture..
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By recycling the structure of an abandoned cement plant as the envelope for a new house, the architects have reinvented a cooling strategy which is particularly well suited to the local climate. Such a building affirms the nature of a place yet is critical of how one occupies that place.
Defining your needs and how you will approach the process of design are important first steps. But once this abstract information has been digested, throw the diagrams and lists away for now; they are rationaliza-tions that can limit design exploration.
Proceeding to Design
From Idea to Design
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From Idea to DesignnThe Designer Within
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designer
The Designer Within
Design is a collaboration of disciplines -- art, engineering, science, economics, history, and craft. Creativity is that power of insight which combines all of these disciplines into a single vision -- and that vision must permeate every level of decisionmaking.
We want the designer within you to step into the light, bringing your ideas and abilities to the complex job of creating your next house.
How you bring each of these ingredients to this task is up to you. In House Design, we hope to supply you with enough information to make wise decisions about your house and about your role in its design.
From Idea to DesignnThe Designer Within
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Proceeding to Design
One of the first decisions you make will be what type of house best serves your family,
a traditional regional type like those in Categories of Houses or an invented design unique to your activities and site. Contemporary House Plans gives examples of these types.
If you choose an historic regional house type, we make two suggestions. First, con-sider using the Principles of Design as a checklist for the environmental sustainability
of the type selected. Second, look for a contractor who is knowledgeable about these issues. You both will participate in and contribute to the design tradition of your own region.
architecture, we recommend that you collaborate with an architect to develop an environmentally conscious design. Again, the Principles of Design are a guide. Kenneth Frampton has proposed a design attitude which he terms "critical regionalism" that is reflected in the Ramada House by Judith Chafee.
From Idea to Design
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From Idea to Design
Balancing Your Needs
As you begin to imagine your house and define the needs which your house should satisfy, aim for a balance between the emo-
tional and the intellectual.
In the early decades of this century le Corbusier, the great Swiss/French architect,
and his contemporaries were compelled to establish the rationality of architecture -- to propose that houses should be "machines for living." This rather extreme position was adopt-ed as a cultural antidote to the equally extreme irrationality fo the 19th century revival styles which the early moderns, such as le Corbusier, saw as nothing but frivolous decoration.
lla Savoye of 1928 by le Corbusier and the Johnson-Boody House of 1849 by Gervase Wheeler are good illustration sof the rational/emotional extremes. In the past century the pendulum of favor has swung several times between the exclusively rational and the exclusively emotional.
Repressing either the machine or the decorative impulse only affirms its significance.
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Villa Savoye House
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Light -- one compartment of a window or window sash. True divided lights have mullions separating the panes of glass, as opposed to windows which are one large pane of glass with a grill snapped in on one side to look like mullions..
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Diagramming Relationships
Diagramming Relationships
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Family
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From Idea to Design
A second example is this diagram of a fictional family, the Brady Bunch, who lived on a television stage set in the 1970's.
The Brady Bunch diagram represents a classical American family structure which is rarely expressed in the form of the house.
Comparing diagrams created by mem-bers of your family may generate some interesting discussion.sion.
The Winslow House by Frank Lloyd Wright is the inverse of Botta's house since all circulation is through rooms which surround a central hearth. There are an infinite variety of ways to arrange the living activities of your house. Our intent here is simply to encourage you to consider how you would like to live before you adopt spatial conventions which may not reflect your needs. Try sketching some diagrams to explore the possibilities..es........ties.s...are an infinite variety of possiblities to arrange the living activities of your house. Our intent here is simply to encourage you to consider how you would like to live before you adopt spatial conventions which may not reflect your needs. Try some loose diagrams to explore the possibilities..
The more you depart from the wisdom of traditional regional house types, the more important design knowledge becomes. It can help you invent a new house form that suits your needs and site and avoids unintended conflict with the cultural or natural environment.
Even authentic regional house forms involve complex issues of history and technology. Traditional house designs responded to the cultural and environmental conditions of a certain place and time.
The more a historic type is translated into the construction and living conventions of today, the more it is separated from the conditions which created it. It may, in fact, only reflect nostalgia for some mythical and presumably simpler time. You may identify strongly with the values you associated with a 19th century house, but it's a safe bet you'd move the bathroom inside, insulate the walls, and so on..n..d so on..... and so on. and so on.
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sive of the social parts and living functions which define the nature of these families in their times. When stripped on their architecturial detailk both houses become abstract social diagrams.
re-scan pic to make narrower -- fit text in left col and wrap at base
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Over time, cultural conditions change as new groups of immigrants move in or the nature of times and the place itself affects how people live. History, as
Norberg-Schultz points out, literally "takes place." Environmental conditions change because of the impact of people upon the place -- witness the total ecological transformation of Manhattan Island over the last 250 years.
. conditions leading to types of houses change, knowledge of those types can guide us in solving current problems. A regional approach to building is always an environmental approach.
The Pine Cone House by Silverio is an interpretation of the Hearth plan.
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footnote
From Idea to DesignnThe Designer Within
The Value of Typesn
Quoted from Genius Loci by Christian Norberg-Schultz. See Bibliography, General Architecture..
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See Thermal Delight in Architecture by Heschong. See Bibliography, General Architecture..
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HOUSE DESIGN
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We can definitely learn from regional house types and either participate in those traditions or depart from them. Either way, our aim is for a living connectedness to the natural environment.
Louis Kahn talks about how the architect's design knowledge can help articulate the difference between house, a house, and home.
from 1781 to today. Unfortunately, drawings cannot convey how vinyl siding and snap-in window mullions affect the material feeling of the new "Colonial." Weatherboards and the small leaded glass panes were responses to environment, technology, and culture.
We can definitely learn from regional house types and simulate them carefully [FMI icon], but our aim is for a living connectedness to the natural environment.
The [audio button] will give you Louise Kahn's thoughts on how the architect's design knowledge can help articulate the difference between house, a house, and home.
Isaac Parsons House, a contemporary simulationn
The Value of Design Knowledge
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From Idea to DesignnThe Designer Within
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diagramRelationships
It may be helpful for you to diagram the human relationships which the spatial organization of your house must serve. This exercise is most effective if you make no attempt to think about the quality of space or rooms, but focus upon human relationships instead.
Such diagrams are pre-architectural -- the intent of making them is to question the structure of desired family relationships before you get hung up on making architecture.........
Diagramming Relationships
An example of family structure is the Rivera/Kahlo House in Mexico City, built in the late 1930's. The diagram generates meaning through the scale of the bubbles and the paths between them.
THIS!!
ale of the bubbles and the paths between them. __ FIX THIS!!
them. __ FIX THIS!!
From Idea to Design
Rivera/Kahlo House
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Frida and Diegooo
Diegoa and Diegooo
Fridaa and Diegooo
Rivera/Kahlo Diagram
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Un-making Listss
From Idea to Design
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Had Kahn been limited to the program, the organizing principle of the house -- the court-yard -- might have never appeared. It is the discipline of the courtyard which allows the rooms to become themselves. Programs may be valuable in estimating the size of the house for budgetary planning, but in the design stage they are usually counterproductive. Programs, and even diagrams you have made, are abstractions of the house which rationalize experience. These tools can help inform the design process, but they are not design...e not design.
In this plan for the Goldenberg House in Rydal, Pennsylvania, Kahn began with a square courtyard bounded on one side by
the hearth, and then radiated rooms from this center which responded to their own internal demands..
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HOUSE DESIGN
:PHYSSIZE
valueDesign
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HOUSE DESIGN
:PHYSSIZE
Diagramming Relationships
It may be helpful for you to diagram the human relationships which the
spatial organization of your house must serve. This exercise is most effective
if you make no attempt to think about the quality of space or rooms, but focus upon human relationships instead.
Such diagrams are pre-architectural -- the intent of making them is to
question the structure of desired family relationships before you get hung
up on making architecture..
Diagramming Relationships
136 -- di suffix
Here are two examples of family structure, one real and one fictional. The Rivera/Kahlo House in Mexico City was built in the late 1930's. The Brady Bunch lived on a television stage set in the 1970's. The diagrams generate meaning through the scale of the bubbles and the paths between them. __ FIX THIS!!
From Idea to Design
HOUSE DESIGN
:PHYSSIZE
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From Idea to Design
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HOUSE DESIGN
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HOUSE DESIGN
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cial diversity in traditional neighbor-hoods and of increasing density. The occupant of the mother-in-law apartment may well be a recent college graduate. returning to the nest.est.
From Idea to Design
tractions of the house which rationalize experience. These tools can help inform the design process, but they are not design..e not design.n..gn.
Biblio
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HOUSE DESIGN
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papating social diversity in traditional neighbor-hoods and of increasing density. The occupant of the mother-in-law apartment may well be a recent college graduate. returning to the nest.est.
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-- Complete House --
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1970's. The diagrams generate meaning through the scale of the bubbles and the paths between them. __ FIX THIS!!
Biblio
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HOUSE DESIGN
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From Idea to Design
Diagramming Activitiesips
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1st Floor
V . S
2d Floorrr
3d Floorrr
dining room
kitchen
bedrooms
bathrooms
living room
office
:PHYSSIZE
Morbio Inferiore house diagram
Key to diagram
Morbio Inferiore Plane diagram
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From Idea to Design
unnameRooms
The conventions of language and architecture are created by societies to minimize confusion. We're all familiar with terms like "living room," "dining room," and "kitchen" --- they allow us to talk about the parts of a house without having to laboriously describe the quality and function of each space. They are conventions of both language and patterns of living. Every once in a while, new conventions appear -- like the "rumpus room" or "den" -- which attempt to describe new patterns of living.
Language is always trying to catch up with behavior and architecture. But the conventions of language can limit what we attempt to describe, just as the conventions -- or typologies -- of architecture can limit how we would like to live.
Un-naming Rooms
f :PHYSSIZE
Conventional house plan
Typology -- the study of types...
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From Idea to Design
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ide: diff colors represent different rooms here
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HOUSE DESIGN
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Architect Frank Gehry pro- vides an example in his own house of how a very con-ventional older house can be transformed into a social diagram particularly rele-vant to our time. The layer-ing of the new way of living upon the old is what makes this house wonderful. It suggests that the future will only bring new layers of interpretation.....etation.
Planning for Change
Gehry House, Santa Monica, California
From Idea to Design
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Un-making Listss
From Idea to Design
In this plan for the Goldenberg House in Rydal, Pennsylvania, Kahn began with a square courtyard bounded on one side by the hearth, and then radiated rooms from this center which responded to their own internal demands.
Proceeding to Design
missing illustration: 139 -- Cement Plant House by Lake/Flato Architects
One of the first decisions you make will be what type of house best serves your family, a traditional regional type like those in Categories of Houses or
an invented design unique to your activities and site. Contemporary House Plans gives examples of these types.
If you choose an historic regional house type, we make two suggestions. First, consider using the Principles of Design as a checklist for the environ-mental sustainability of your choice. Second, look
for a contractor who is knowledgeable about these issues. You both will participate in and contribute to the design tradition of your region.
invent architecture, we recommend that you collaborate with an architect to develop an environmentally conscious design. Again, the Principles of Design are a guide. Kenneth Frampton has proposed a design attitude which he terms "critical regionalism" that is reflected in the Ramada House by Judith Chafee.
It is more important to build well than to try to predict those future conditions which will guide how you or others might dwell there. Those eccentric Victorian houses are doing well in today's real estate market.
Although contemporary Americans have little concern for the moral and democratic ideals of the Greek Revival or Federal Periods, we do seem to be caught in a conflict between the values of consumerist self-expression and con-cerns for resale. But concern for change and resale value can inhibit des
Biblio
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HOUSE DESIGN
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:PHYSSIZE
Architect Frank Gehry pro- vides an example in his own house of how a very con-ventional older house can be transformed into a social diagram particularly rele-vant to our time. The layer-ing of the new way of living upon the old is what makes this house wonderful. It suggests that the future will only bring new layers of interpretation.....etation.
Planning for Change
Gehry House, Santa Monica, California
First Floor
Un-naming Rooms
The conventional house and the house by Skogin, Elam and Bray Architects illustrate the power of words and rooms to limit or open possibilities. This drawing by Skogin, Elam, and Bray may not even be recognizable to some as a house floor plan. Not only are familiar con-ventions of rooms tampered with, but the manner of draw-ing, or representation, is also unconventional. The two 'plans' do not propose similar ways of living, nor do they communicate in the same way.
hat to do there.
to-day experience of living would be far less predictable. The architect Louis Kahn refused to label rooms because he felt that the user should understand the meaning of a space by experiencing it, not by being told what to do there.
t to do there.
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:PHYSSIZE
If the labeling of rooms can limit the way in which they may be used, the same is true in naming the place where you live. As the nature of cities and families change, the social function of the single family house will also change.
The recent developments in communications technology make it possible for many white collar workers to be employed at home. Public space is no longer concrete or tangible, it exists between modems and video phones as hyperspace. The change in work relationships created by the new technology will have increasing impact upon how we think about the architectural conventions of "places of employment" and "living places."""
Redefining House
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Technical term used in computer technology, but appropriated by the world of criticism --- refers to the unreal space which electronic data occupies.
The income, or mother-in-law, apart-ment is another pattern which challenges the conventional idea of the single family house.
Planners have recently promoted this concept as a method of both creating social diversity in traditional neighbor-hoods and of increasing density. The occupant of the mother-in-law apartment may well be a recent college graduate. returning to the nest.est.
From Idea to Design
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Second Floor
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From Idea to Design
:PHYSSIZE
Balancing Your Needs
The Villa Savoye of 1928 by le Corbusier and the Johnson-Boody House of 1849 by Gervase Wheeler are good illustrations of the rational-emotional extremes. In the past century the pendulum of favor has swung several times between the exclusively rational and the exlusively emotional. Repressing either the machine or the decorative impulse only affirms
its significance..........
:PHYSSIZE
Johnson-Boody House
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HOUSE DESIGN
:PHYSSIZE
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HOUSE DESIGN
:PHYSSIZE
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HOUSE DESIGN
:PHYSSIZE
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HOUSE DESIGN
:PHYSSIZE
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Even if the conditions leading to types of houses change, knowledge of those types can guide us in solving current prob-lems. A regional approach to building is always an environmental approach..
House by Morton and Cordellrdellll
:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
From Idea to DesignnThe Designer Within
The Value of Typesn
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try to get p 23 and 24 on 1 pg
From Idea to Design
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Deciding to Build
Family
:PHYSSIZE
Is your family at a point where it can handle plan-ning and building a new house while selling and moving from your current home?
If everyone agrees that
the change is a needed
improvement, they'll be motivated and excited; if they're not convinced, it
may be rougher....
Courtesy Dee Kelsey
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136bx.dib
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By contrast, the Brady Bunch diagram represents a classical American family structure which is rarely expressed in the form of the house.
Comparing diagrams created by members of your family may generate some interesting discussion.
Diagramming Relationships
Diagramming Relationships
Brady Bunch house diagram
:PHYSSIZE
Family
P ( M
Mikee444
Carol
___Girls____
___Boys_______
Office
Alice
unmakeLists
When beginning the design process, some architects quantify the building by making a list -- or program -- of each room in the house and its area in square feet; but at early stages of design thinking, programs tend to limit thoughtful analysis in the same way that naming rooms constricts the invention of new possibilities.
The architect Louis Kahn challenged designers to "...refuse the program....which reads in the form of areas." By example, he interpreted the nature of families and institutions in a far more poetic manner. er. s plan for the Goldenberg House in Rydal, Pennsylvania, Kahn began with a square courtyard, bounded on one side by the hearth and then radiated rooms from this center which responded to their own internal demands.
Un-making Listss
From Idea to Design
kahn1
See Writing, Lectures, Interviews, by Louis I. Kahn, p. 152. See Bibliography for information.........
These drawings show how the scale of chimneys, roof eaves, and founda-tion have changed from 1781 to today. Unfortunately, drawings cannot convey how vinyl siding and snap-in window mullions affect the material feeling of the new "Colonial." Weatherboards
and true divided lights were res-ponses to environment, technology, and culture.
today. Unfortunately, drawings cannot convey how vinyl siding and snap-in window mullions affect the material feeling of the new "Colonial." Weatherboards and the small leaded glass panes were responses to environment, technology, and culture.
We can definitely learn from regional house types and simulate them carefully [FMI icon], but our aim is for a living connectedness to the natural environment.
The [audio button] will give you Louise Kahn's thoughts on how the architect's design knowledge can help articulate the difference between house, a house, and home.
Isaac Parsons House, New Gloucester, Maine, 1871
The Value of Design Knowledge
:PHYSSIZE
mullions
lights
From Idea to DesignnThe Designer Within
Mullions -- vertical members that form a division between units of windows, doors, or screens..
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Light -- one compartment of a window or window sash. True divided lights have mullions separating the panes of glass, as opposed to windows which are one large pane of glass with a grill snapped in on one side to look like mullions..
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understandParts
If you ask an American child to draw a house, you will likely get a picture which illustrates something like a cape -- a single compact form with a pitched roof, door, window and a chim-ney. A psychological interpretation might sug-gest that the image affirms the indivisible nature of the family as a social unit.
In reality, however, houses and families are made up of parts, whether they are expressed in form or not. The parts may represent mem-bers of the family or activities of the family. An attached garage for example, expresses the family activity of keeping cars.......
Understanding the Parts
:PHYSSIZE
Courtesy Ann Tracy
From Idea to Design
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The second level of diagramming can begin to establish the order of living activities in relation to each other. This is where the hierarchies of activities can be established without having to make the floor plan "work."
The real scale of space should not be considered in this exercise. The Morbio Inferiore house by Mario Botta and the Winslow House by Frank Lloyd Wright each illustrate the relationship between the diagram and the finished plan.
The house by Botta is actually a variation of a linear/corridor scheme stacked vertically. Note that the user of any room can leave the house by the front door without walking through another room. Such an arrangement is neither socially or spatially hierarchical, except as implied by height.
Diagramming Activitiesips
From Idea to Design
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1st Floor
2d Floorrr
3d Floorrr
From Idea to Design
rooms
Key to diagramdiagram
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Bunch diagram represents a classical American family structure which is rarely expressed in the form of the house.
Comparing diagrams created by members of your family may generate some interesting discussion.
Diagramming Relationships
Diagramming Relationships
Brady Bunch house diagram
:PHYSSIZE
Family
P ( M
Mikee444
Carol
___Girls____
___Boys_______
Office
Alice
From Idea to Design
The Brady Bunch lived on a television stage set in the 1970's. By contrast, the Brady Bunch diagram represents a classical American family structure which is rarely expressed in the form of the house.
Comparing diagrams created by members of your family may generate some interesting discussion.
It may be helpful for you to diagram the human relationships which the spa-tial organization of your house must serve. This exercise is most effective
if you make no attempt to think about the quality of space or rooms, but focus upon human relationships instead.
Such diagrams are pre-architectural -- the intent of making them is to question the structure of desired family relation-ships before you get hung up on making architecture......
Diagramming Relationships
An example of family structure is the Rivera/Kahlo House in Mexico City, built in the late 1930's. The diagram generates meaning through the scale of the bubbles and the paths between them.
THIS!!
ale of the bubbles and the paths between them. __ FIX THIS!!
them. __ FIX THIS!!
From Idea to Design
:PHYSSIZE
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Planning for Change
It is more important to build well than to try to predict those future conditions which will guide how you or others might dwell there. Those eccentric Victorian houses are doing well in today's real estate market.
Although contemporary Americans have little concern for the moral and democratic ideals of the Greek Revival or Federal Periods, we do seem to be caught in a conflict between the values of consumerist self-expression and con-cerns for resale. But concern for change and resale value can inhibit design invention unnecessarily.
ecessarily.
interpretation.
From Idea to Design
The Seashore Houseeee
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The second level of diagramming can begin to establish the order of living activities in relation to each other. This is where the hierarchies of activi-ties can be established without having to make
the floor plan "work."
The real scale of space should not be considered in this exercise. The Mario Botta house and the Winslow House each illustrate the relationship between the diagram and the finished plan.
The house by Mario Botta is actually a variation of a linear/corridor scheme stacked vertically. Note that the user of any room can leave the house by the front door without walking through another room. Such an arrangement is neither socially or spatially hierarchical, except as implied by height...
Diagramming Activitiesips
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Botta diagram
From Idea to Design
valueDesign
The Value of Design Knowledge
From Idea to DesignnThe Designer Within
The more you depart from the wisdom of traditional regional house types, the more important design knowledge becomes. It can help you invent a new house form that suits your needs and site and avoids unintended conflict with the cultural or natural environment.
Even authentic regional house forms involve complex issues of history and technology. Traditional house designs responded to the cultural and environmental conditions of a certain place and time.
The more a historic type is translated into the construction and living conventions of today, the more it is separated from the conditions which created it. It may, in fact, only reflect nostalgia for some mythical and presumably simpler time. You may identify strongly with the values you associated with a 19th century house, but it's a safe bet you'd move the bathroom inside, insulate the walls, and so on..n..d so on..... and so on. and so on.
On the other hand, the articulated parts of the Sirmai-Petersen House by Frank Gehry seem exploded from within rather than huddled against an exterior hostile force. Both forms are expressive of the social parts and living functions which define the nature of these families in their times. When stripped of their architecturial detail, both houses become abstract social diagrams..
From Idea to Design
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extended farmhouse
looks like an implosion of parts -- house, ell, and barn -- which are connected to ease the impact of New England's weather upon farming activities, and to unify those activities into a single, progressive form.
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See Big House, Little House, Back House, Barn: The Connected Buildings of New England by Thomas C. Hubka. See Bibliography, History of Architecture..
The Winslow House by Frank Lloyd Wright is the inverse of Botta's house since all circulation is through rooms which surround a central hearth. There are an infinite variety of ways to arrange the living activities of your house. Our intent here is simply to encourage you to consider how you would like to live before you adopt spatial conventions which may not reflect your needs. Try sketching some diagrams to explore the possibilities..es........ties.s...are an infinite variety of possiblities to arrange the living activities of your house. Our intent here is simply to encourage you to consider how you would like to live before you adopt spatial conventions which may not reflect your needs. Try some loose diagrams to explore the possibilities..
The path between the Kahlo "house" and the Rivera "house" was constructed as a bridge with a lockable door at the end; thus it functions as a drawbridge to preserve Kahlo's privacy. In this example, the architecture represents the diagram literally.
In the Rivera/Kahlo diagram the triangular structure of their rela-tionship was realized
in three dimensions
by constructing three separate buildings within a compound bounded by a high wall..
Rivera/Kahlo House (Courtesy Steven Moore)
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The Value of Design Knowledge
From Idea to DesignnThe Designer Within
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The more you depart from the wisdom of traditional regional house types, the more important design knowledge becomes. It can help you invent a new house form that suits your needs and site and avoids unintended conflict with the cultural or natural environment.
Even authentic regional house forms involve complex issues of history and technology. Traditional house designs responded to the cultural and environmental conditions of a certain place and time.
The more a historic type is translated into the construction and living conventions of today, the more it is separated from the conditions which created it. It may, in fact, only reflect nostalgia for some mythical and presumably simpler time. You may identify strongly with the values you associated with a 19th century house, but it's a safe bet you'd move the bathroom inside, insulate the walls, and so on..n..d so on..... and so on. and so on.
By studying types of houses, we can better understand how other peoples, usually with fewer material resources than we, have adapted positively to their environment.
Historically, different types of houses have developed in different regions of the world in response to both cultural and environmental forces. Cultural variables include the national origins of the first settlers in a region and their patterns of building and dwelling.
Environmental variables include the national origins of the first settlers in a region and their patterns of building and dwelling.
SPOT]
t Lisa Heschong suggests that there are two basic types of houses which are generated by the purely environmental concern for heating or cooling: the hearth and the garden. The hearth form is a heating strategy, while the garden form is a cooling strategy.
The Value of Typesn
The Value of Typesn
INFO!
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See Elements of Architecture by Rob Krier for more information about traditional architectural history concerning cultural determinants of form..
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Audio:Colquhoun
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Understanding the Parts
If you ask an American child to draw a house, you will likely get a picture which illustrates something like a cape -- a single compact form with a pitched roof, door, window and a chimney. A psychological interpretation might suggest that the image affirms the indivisible nature of the family as
a social unit.
In reality, however, houses and families
are made up of parts, whether they are ex-pressed in form or not. The parts may represent members of the family or activi-
ties of the family. An attached garage for example, expresses the family activity of keeping cars.
Understanding the Parts
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Courtesy Ann Tracy
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Owner-Builder Schools
As part of the Houston Community College system, the Owner/Builder Center offers courses and workshops at two locations, Clifton and Strafford. The Home Improvement Journal, published by the Center, lists available
LPT1:
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courses and provides some building tips as well. Texas veterans take classes free.
Offerings --
Housebuilding -- 42 class hours
Remodeling -- 33 class hours
Cabinet Making -- 30 class hours
Numerous and varied workshops
Owner Builder Center
Scarborough Campus
4141 Costa Rica
Houston, TX 77092
(713) 956-1178
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Courtesy Owner Builder Center
The conventions of language and architecture are created by societies to minimize confusion. We're all familiar with terms like "living room," "dining room," and "kitchen" --- they allow us to talk about the parts of a house without having to laboriously describe the quality and function of each space. They are conventions of both language and patterns of living. Every once in a while, new conventions appear -- like the "rumpus room" or "den" -- which attempt to describe new patterns of living.
Language is always trying to catch up with behavior and architecture. But the conventions of language can limit what we attempt to describe, just as the conventions -- or typologies -- of architecture can limit how we would like to live.
The second level of diagramming can begin to establish the order of living activities in relation to each other. This is where the hierarchies of activities can be established without having to make the floor plan "work."
The real scale of space should not be considered in this exercise. The Morbio Inferiore house by Mario Botta and the Winslow House by Frank Lloyd Wright each illustrate the relationship between the diagram and the finished plan.
The house by Botta is actually a variation of a linear/corridor scheme stacked vertically. Note that the user of any room can leave the house by the front door without walking through another room. Such an arrangement is neither socially or spatially hierarchical, except as implied by height.
Diagramming Activitiesips
From Idea to Design
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From Idea to Design
Un-naming Rooms
The architect Louis Kahn refused to label rooms. He felt that the user should understand the meaning of a space by experiencing it, not by being told what to do there. His words can be heard by using the audio button below.y experiencing it, not by being told what to do there. here.
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Second Floor
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HOUSE DESIGN
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pattern
Traditional master builders once designed houses that suited local climate and tradition.
By the 19th century, nationally distributed
pattern books created a new self-consciousness of style as a criteria for design decisions. And today, corporate lumber yards provide stock plans to consumers from Maine to California.
Architectural homogenization has been the result. We find it hard to make design decisions culturally or environmentally rooted in the places we intend
to build. In the name of freedom of choice, we have gained meaningless choices.
When you engage in the design process,
you root your home to its time and place, and
bring your own creative energy to the challenge
of thoughtful design.
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The Designer Within
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Derived from medieval guild system, a master was defined as a craftsman qualified to teach apprentices as well as practice his trade. Before the advent of architecture as a profession in 18th and 19th century America, a master was also responsible for building design.ing design.
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From Idea to DesignnThe Designer Within
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Courtesy Yestermorrow
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Pattern books -- The emergence of the pattern book in the early 19th century reflected the popular belief that the new American republic had to develop architectural styles which were consistent with the democratic principles of the young nation. Thus the houses illustrated in these books were intended as authentic American prototypes. Influential examples included:
The American Builder's Companion by Asher Benjamin (1798)
The Young Carpenter's Assistant by Owen Biddle (1805)
Cottage Residences by Alexander Jackson Davis (1842)
Rural Architecture by Edward Shaw (1843)
Villas and Cottages by Calvert Vaux (1854)
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By studying types of houses, we can better understand how other peoples, usually with fewer material resources than we, have adapted positively to their environment.
Historically, different types of houses have developed in different regions of the world in response to both cultural and environmental forces. Cultural variables include the national origins of the first settlers in a region and their patterns of building and dwelling.
Environmental variables include rainfall, temperature range, and availability of building
materials.
lding and dwelling.
SPOT]
t Lisa Heschong suggests that there are two basic types of houses which are generated by the purely environmental concern for heating or cooling: the hearth and the garden. The hearth form is a heating strategy, while the garden form is a cooling strategy.
The Value of Typesn
From Idea to DesignnThe Designer Within
:PHYSSIZE
Courtesy Steven Moore
click1
See Elements of Architecture by Rob Krier for more information about traditional architectural history concerning cultural determinants of form..
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See Ecoregions and Architecture, Anchoring the Building in House Design for information about North American regional house types.nants of form..
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The Winslow House by Frank Lloyd Wright is the inverse of Botta's house since all circulation is through rooms which surround a central hearth. There are an infinite variety of ways to arrange the living activities of your house. Our intent here is simply to encourage you to consider how you would like to live before you adopt spatial conventions which may not reflect your needs. Try sketching some diagrams to explore the possibilities..es........ties.s...are an infinite variety of possiblities to arrange the living activities of your house. Our intent here is simply to encourage you to consider how you would like to live before you adopt spatial conventions which may not reflect your needs. Try some loose diagrams to explore the possibilities..
Allowing the parts of a house to develop their own identity clarifies how a family works as a social institution -- how parts relate to each other. Both historic and contemporary houses can be seen as social diagrams. The classic Maineded Maine farmhouse looks like an implosion of parts -- house, ell, and barn -- connected to ease the impact of New England's weather upon farming activities. ivities. s. ther hand, the articulated parts of the Sirmai-Petersen House by Frank Gehry seem exploded from within rather than huddled against an exterior hostile force. Both forms are expressive of the social parts and living functions which define the nature of these families in their times. When stripped on their architecturial detailk both houses become abstract social diagrams.
From Idea to Design
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extended farmhouse
looks like an implosion of parts -- house, ell, and barn -- which are connected to ease the impact of New England's weather upon farming activities, and to unify those activities into a single, progressive form.
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See Big House, Little House, Back House, Barn: The Connected Buildings of New England by Thomas C. Hubka. See Bibliography, History of Architecture..
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If you intend to invent architecture, we recommend that you collaborate with an architect to develop an environmentally conscious design.
Kenneth Frampton has proposed a design attitude which he terms "critical regionalism" reflected in this house by Lake/Flato Architects of Austin, Texas. Although the Alamo Cement House is thoroughly modern in its presentation, the basic form of the house relies on the idea of the desert parasol, or redundant roof, which was used by Native Americans centuries ago.
ng the structure of an abandoned cement plant as the envelope for a new house, the architects have reinvented a cooling strategy which is particularly well suited to the local climate. Such a building affirms the nature of a place yet is critical of how one occupies that place.
Proceeding to Design
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Cement House
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See "Toward a Critical Regionalism: Six Points for an Architecture of Resistance" by Kenneth Frampton in The Anti-Aesthetic by Hal Foster. See Bibliography, General Architecture.
Let's look at how we feel anchored to a place psychologically. Knowing what gives us pleasure
and why will help us design wisely.
Geographer Jay Appleton believes our percep-tions of a given place arise from innate survival mechanisms, and are then modified by cultural, social, historical and personal experiences. And the pleasure we get from perceiving the environment motivates us to modify our behavior. In other words, we adapt.
e mechanisms of survival respond to three landscape characteristics defined as prospect, refuge and hazard. Appleton calls this natural symbolism. Our perception of the landscape in these terms causes us to feel either encouragement or warning.
ect appeals to the hunter or observer in us. It is both an offensive and defensive position. The top of a hill or a penthouse apartment overlooking the street are places of prospect.
Refuge is afforded by a cave or house which looks inward, such as a courtyard house. It is that quality of place which allows us to be at rest.